REPUBLIC OF THE PHILLIPINNES
LAGUNA STATE POLYTHECNIC
UNIVERSITY
BUBUKAL, SANTA CRUZ, LAGUNA
DISSECTING THE EFFECT OF THE MASS MEDIA
TO THE BROADCASTING STUDENT
OF LSPU-SCC
Submitted to:
Ms.Cezanne Dimaculangan
English II
Prepared
by:
John Dexter Asedillo
AB Broadcasting 1A
“The
media's power is frail. Without the people's support, it can be shut off with
the ease of turning a light
switch.”
Aquino, Corazon; (Political leader and president
(1986-92) of the Philippines)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to
identify, analyze and differentiate the positive and negative effects of the
Mass Media to the Broadcasting students of Laguna State Polytechnic
University Santa Cruz Campus. This is a
compilation of the student’s insights or standpoint regarding some issues about
the effects of the Mass Media in the Philippines today.
Aside from that, it’s also containing some
information about the background history of some types of the Mass Media that
can help us to fully understand this study. The anticipated outcome of this
study can enhance the knowledge and awareness of the readers /students.
INTRODUCTION
As a part of the "masses"
; all of us was being involved by the changing melody of the media. Every day,
we encounter and heard or see news and yes , we are being affected even if
it's not meant for us. As on of the benevolence of our country we should need
to be aware for the daily news , important events or tragedy happen in our
surroundings whether its good nor bad. As a Filipino Citizen, we should need to
accept the fact that one of our responsibility is to know what’s happening in
our country or even just take a cite for it nor make a move to overcome what
our country is facing everyday.
“Mass Media”
has an important role in our life and society. It can give us reliable
information, providing quality and trusted news, forecasting, stating of trivia
and creating advertisement that can influence to us. Every day we see “media”,
we use “media” and yes we badly need it to serve as our guide for our daily way
of living.
On the other side, as Broadcasting
students; we need more knowledge or information about the circulation of the
“Mass Media”. In that way we are able to have an idea or to know the tangible
relationship of the media and society, we can get an advanced knowledge about
Media Law and Ethics that can help or enhance the learning of the students.
And
we can use that to mold or shape and transform ourselves from an aspiring
Broadcaster to a professional one.
CASE STUDY
*Mass Media
“Mass Media” in the Philippines had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations,583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in
circulation.
Some media outlets, such as IBC (television) and the Philippine
Broadcasting Service(radio), are
government-run. Most outlets are privately owned.
The most widely read newspapers are the Manila Bulletin, The Philippine
Star, Philippine Daily
Inquirer, The Manila Times, and Business World.
*Media culture
Much
media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and
businesses. Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided presentations
favoring special interests. The privately owned press also tends toward sensationalism at times.
Free-to-Air media networks
*Major networks
§ ABS-CBN
Corporation (ABS-CBN) (1946-present)
§ Associated
Broadcasting Company (TV5/Radyo5) (1960-present)
§ Bombo Radyo Philippines (Bombo Radyo) (1966-present)
§ GMA Network, Inc. (GMA) (1950-present)
§ Manila Broadcasting
Company (MBC) (1939-present)
§ Radio Mindanao
Network (RMN) (1952-present)
§ Radio Philippines
Network (RPN) (1969-present)
§ Solar
Entertainment Corporation (Solar) (1976-present)
*Government-owned networks
§ Philippine Broadcasting
Service (PBS) (1933-present)
§ People's
Television Network (PTV) (1974-present)
§ Intercontinental
Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) (1975-present)
*Freedom of the press
Further information: Human rights in the Philippines
The Office of the President is responsible for managing the
government’s policy toward the press. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are enshrined in the 1987 constitution.
Although independent observers credit the government with respecting freedom of
the press in general, the government has been criticized for failing to
investigate thoroughly summary killings of journalists and for subjecting journalists to harassment and
surveillance.
*Violence against journalists
The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the
international press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders(RSF) has ranked the
Philippines among the worst-ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place. It
indicates the continuing murders of journalists and increased legal
harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines.
Between 1986 to 2005, 52 journalists have been murdered.
*Philippine
Media and Entertainment
Media and entertainment in the Philippines takes on the traditional roles usually ascribed to media,
such as informing, educating, and entertaining the populace. Mass media has also been known to have had a strong influence in the
unfolding of the country's history.
Currently, there are several types of mass communications media in
the country: print, broadcasting (which includes radio and television),cinema, music through CD's and cassettes, and the internet. These types of mass communications are peopled by
dedicated professionals and entertainers who also comprise the backbone of Philippine media and
entertainment. Also, media and entertainment people have put up several organizations meant to safeguard or promote the interests of Philippine
media and the audience it serves.
Today, most of the media is owned by corporations which earn their
revenues through advertising and sales. However, Philippine media has also been known for
its activism and nationalism, especially at times when the country needed it.
*Media in the Philippines
“Media” is defined by Encarta as “the various means of mass
communications considered as a whole, including television, radio, magazines,
and newspapers, together with the people involved in their production.” The
term, in this context, is taken as synonymous to mass media, so called because
it is designed to reach the mass of people.
In the Philippines, mass media forms can be divided into three
major categories: print, electronic, and special media. The print media
includes newspapers (both broadsheets and tabloids) and magazines. Electronic
media, strictly speaking, encompasses both analog and digital types of media
that use electronic equipment for its distribution. Hence, this comprises
radio, television, cinema, and the internet. Special media refers to forms that
cannot be classified as either print or electronic. Examples of special media
forms are the billboards, t-shirts, balloons that also carry messages meant for
the masses. The most widely used media forms in the Philippines, however, are
print and some forms of electronic media.
Media has a tripartite role in Philippine society: political,
economic, and social. It is the political aspect that media satisfies when it
disseminates information, creates and reflects public opinion, and serves as as
a watchdog on government. This role is mostly carried out by the different news
and public information media forms, both in print and broadcasting, through the
varied journalists, reporters and broadcasters of Philippine media.
* Entertainment in Media
One
of the major functions of Philippine media is entertainment. It is mainly
through this that media assumes its social, as well as its economic role. The
bulk of the entertainment industry in the Philippines is cantered around mass
media, mainly through print (magazines), broadcasting (radio and television), film, and music.
Philippine entertainment is littered with celebrities from
television, cinema, and the music scene, appearing in varied TV shows, movies, concerts, special events, and even in the realm of
politics. Some of these celebrities are connected with a specific television network or recording company.
The Filipinos are heavily engrossed in entertainment. In fact,
oftentimes, the line between media and entertainment becomes blurred, what with
the entry of Philippine TV or movie celebrities into the political arena. Even
news reportage can oftentimes morph into entertainment.
*Philippine Constitution
The
Philippines as a nation acknowledges the power of media, especially due to the
role it played in the course of Philippine history. The Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines states that it “recognizes the vital role of
communication and information in nation-building”. The country also recognizes
the basic rights of freedom of speech and of the press. Additionally, in
Article XVI, the constitution expressly states that the State should provide
for the “full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of
communication structures” that can support the “needs and aspirations of the
nation.
Types of Media
* Print
Print media
began in the Philippines during the Spanish era, through Spanish-language
newsletters. National newspapers during that era, however, aided greatly to the
Philippine Revolution. The first English language newspapers came out in 1898,
which ushered in the era of modern media.
Of the print media, the most popular are the newspapers, both
broadsheets or tabloids, being the cheapest and most accessible to the public.
Several newspapers enjoy national distribution, although each region in the
country also has its own regional newspapers. Apart from these, the print
industry, through varied trade, educational, and magazine publishers,
produces glossy and non-glossy magazines, comic books,
pocketbook series, textbooks, trade
books, and periodicals.
*Broadcasting
Among
the electronic media forms, radio and television enjoy the highest patronage,
with every Filipino home having one or both appliances.
Broadcasting is
the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via
any audio or visual mass communications medium, but
usually one using electromagnetic
radiation (radio waves). The
receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset
thereof. Broadcasting has been used for purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange
of messages, experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication such
as amateur (ham) radio and amateur television (ATV)
in addition to commercial purposes like popular radio or TV stations with
advertisements.
History
The term broadcast was
first adopted by early radio engineers from
the Midwestern
United States, treating broadcast sowing as
a metaphor for
the dispersal inherent in omni directional signals. Broadcasting is a
very large and significant segment of the mass media.
Originally all
broadcasting was composed of analog signals using analog transmission techniques
and more recently broadcasters have switched to digital signals using digital transmission.
·
Wireless
The world's technological
capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than
quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 exabytes of
(optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 zettabytes. This
is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and
175 newspapers per person per day by 2007.
Methods of broadcasting
·
Telephone broadcasting
(1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data
services offered by stock telegraph companies from
1867, if ticker-tapes are
excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent
of Théâtrophone ("Theatre Phone") systems, which
were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to
live operaand theatre performances
over telephone lines, created by French inventor Clément Ader in
1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper services
for news and entertainment programming which
were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large European cities. These
telephone-based subscription
services were the first examples of electrical/electronic
broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.
·
Radio broadcasting (experimentally
from 1906, commercially from 1920); audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from
a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and
sent to a receiver.
Stations can be linked in radio networks to
broadcast common radio programs, either
in broadcast syndication, simulcast or subchannels.
·
Television broadcasting
(telecast), experimentally from 1925, commercially from
the 1930s: an extension of radio to include video signals.
·
Cable radio (also
called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television (from
1932): both via coaxial cable, serving
principally as transmission mediums for programming produced at either radio ortelevision stations, with
limited production of cable-dedicated programming.
·
Direct-broadcast
satellite (DBS) (from circa 1974) and satellite radio (from
circa 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio
network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix of traditional radio or
television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio
programming. (See also: Satellite television)
·
Webcasting of
video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams:
offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming
with dedicated internet radio–
Economic models
There are several means of providing
financial support for continuous broadcasting:
·
Commercial broadcasting:
selling radio or television advertisements accompanying the programming (the dominant form in
the United States as measured by audience numbers)
·
grants from charitable foundations or business entities
·
State-sponsored: a higher degree of state involvement than in public broadcasting
·
direct government payments or operation of public broadcasters
·
Volunteer: in-kind donations of time and skills by community radio and community television broadcasters
Broadcasters may rely on a combination of
these business models. For example, in the United States, National Public Radio (NPR)
and the Public
Broadcasting Service (PBS,
television) supplement public membership subscriptions and corporate grants
with grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), which is funded by the federal government.
US public broadcasting corporate and
charitable grants are generally given in consideration of underwriting spots which differ from commercial advertisements in that
they are governed by specificFCC restrictions,
which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a "call to action".
*Radio
Radio
broadcasting began in the Philippines in 1922. Since then, radio has become the
most accessible electronic media. Filipinos either own or enjoy its services
even in public transportation or areas. Aside from the newspaper, it is the
most favored source of information, opinion, and entertainment.
Philippine radio
stations broadcast in either FM or AM
bands. Some stations, especially in the AM band, broadcast mostly talk or news
programs. Music radio stations are usually found in the FM band. Often, radio
stations specialize in a particular type of music, such as pop, classical, new
wave, or mellow. Radio stations also broadcast either nationally or regionally.
*Television
The first television broadcast in the
Philippines occurred in the 1950s. Since then, the television industry has been
considered as a very strong influence on society. There are hundreds of local
stations that populate the airwaves, most of them belonging to a broadcast
network, the largest of which are ABS-CBN and GMA, also the most popular television
stations.
Television networks and stations broadcast through satellite or “free”
channels and cable channels. Most channels broadcast in both English and
Filipino languages, and programming is mostly general interest. Networks,
though, often reserve certain stations for a specific format, such as music,
news, animation, children's programs, educational TV, etc. Philippine TV
programs range from canned foreign series to locally produced soap operas
or telenovelas, fantaseryes,
news and information programs, variety shows, game shows, educational shows and
reality TV, starred in by a bevy of Philippine
celebrities. Most of these celebrities are
connected to a specific television network.
The content of television programs is monitored by the Movie and
Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB),
which also assigns ratings to the TV shows.
*Cinema
Considered as the youngest of
Philippine arts, film first appeared in the Philippines in 1904. As a media
form, Philippine cinema, at present, is thriving industry. Movies in the
Philippines are mostly produced by
one of the major film studios. The most popular genre among movies is the drama. However, there is also a big niche for comedy, romance, horror, and historical films. Philippine cinema has also been used to
promote or foster certain political or historical insights.
Film stars are among the most popular celebrities in Philippine
entertainment. The country also has its share of renowned film makers and films
which have gained recognition in several international film festivals.
Currently, independent films are gaining a stronger footing in the industry, with
the establishment of groups like Cinemalaya.
*Advertising
Philippine
advertising ranges from print to television
commercials to billboards or special
media. These ads are commissioned through varied advertising
agencies around the country. Often
Philippine entertainment celebrities are paid to endorse products.
*New Media
New
media refers mainly to digital media forms such as computers and the Internet.
The Philippines is relatively new to this media, officially entering the world
of global Internet only in 1994. However, in a span of less than 10 years, the
country has made up for it by being avid users of the Internet and digital
communications in general.
OBJECTIVES
As a future
Broadcaster, this is important for us to know the essentiality and effects of
the Mass Media.Including advantages and disadvantages or the difference between
the positive and negative effects.
In this research some of the important objectives are the following:
* To gather information about the "medium" that
they're prefer/often use.
* To know if they still trust the Mass Media in the
Philippines today and;
*to elaborate nor analyze the effects of the Mass media
to the Broadcasting students in terms on their;
a) studies
(learning)
b) attitude (behavior)
c) physical appearance
STATEMENT OF THE PROBEM
The main
purpose of this study is to differentiate the positive and negative effects of
the Mass Media to the Broadcasting students of the Laguna State Polytechnic
University Santa Cruz campus (LSPU-SCC).
Independent Variable
-----------------------------> Dependent Variable
How Media
influence our daily
way of
living?
What are
the Effects of
the
Media to the
Broadcasting
Students?
Studies (Learning)/Grades
Attitude (Behaviour)
Physical Appearance
Differentiate
and analyzing
the positive
and negative effect
of the
Mass Media.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design: Descriptive
Research Procedure:
*First is to choose a unique topic that
is related to our course/curriculum.
* Then,checking and reading related
topics through internet via google and
wikipedia.
*Gathering connected or related
information and start to pre-writing.
*Making a questionnaires that I probably
used for the survey .
(questions that can give an answer
to my objectives/problems)
*Start a survey or interview the
possible/target students.
*Analyzing the results, start to make a conclusion
about the research
including recommendation.
*Back to pre-writing , when done go to
drafting and start to revising and
editing by checking the spellings,
grammar,words,symbols etc. and lastly
printing the final output.
Methodology
“DISSECTING THE EFFECT
OF THE MASS MEDIA TO THE BROADCASTING STUDENTS"
OF LSPU-SCC
*What is the
"Medium" you often use as a guide for your everyday way of living?
[] Television [] Tabloid
[] Radio [] Magazine
[] Newspaper []if others, please
specify; _____________
*What is/are the T.V
program(s) you used to watch?
[] News [] Fiction [] Educational
[] T.V series [] Drama [] if others, please
specify;________________
[] Comedy [] Horror
*What is/are the
channel(s) or network(s) you used to watch?
[] ABS-CBN2
[]GMA News T.V
[] GMA7
[]T.V5 []if others, please
specify;_________________
*Favorite
Anchor(s)/Broadcaster(s) who inspire you most to become one of them.
[] Jessica Soho
[] Karen Davila []
Jiggy Manicad
[] Kara David
[] Ted Failon
[] Cheryl Cosim
[] Noli De Castro [] if
others, please specify;_____________
[] Korina Sanchez [] Mike Enriquez
*Do you still trust the Mass Media in the Philippines today? Why or why
not?
*Does the “Mass Media”
enhance the learning of the students? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________
*What are the effects
of the Mass Media in terms on your;
A) Studies
B) Attitude (Behavior)
C) Physical Appearance
ANALYSIS
After I gather all the papers
containing the answers or insights of the students , I started to read and
understand it one by one. All of the students have their own thoughts and
opinion about this matter.
Below are the results of the survey;
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure
3 Figure 4
Figure
5
(see Figure 1)The results state that most of
broadcasting students use internet as a guide on their everyday way of living.
They said that the advantages of using internet are that they can get a lot of
information in just one click. And we can have an advanced knowledge on
different educational sites. However the negative effect of this is that
students are become prone to see some harassment/tragedy that posted in many
sites. Another problem is sometimes instead of doing their research or study,
they’re become busy on playing an RPG/online games or watching on YouTube. For
some instance, most of the students are being addicted using social networking
sites that can bring negative effects on their studies and behavior especially
when they starting to explore and watch porn videos. But the worst problem that
we are facing today is the issue about cybersex where some of the victims are
students.
Television
is more convenient to use rather than internet because it has a guide for the
viewer coming from the MTRCB. Some of the Broadcasting students choose ABS-CBN
as they favorite channel (network) (see Figure 2). ABS-CBN are on their 60
years of service and counting, the said network is still leading as number one
trusted network/broadcasting company all over the country.
Voices
of the anchors are truly trusted by the nation including Jessica Soho as number
one favorite News anchor (see Figure 3) others are Kara David , Jiggy Manicad,
Mike Salazar, Ted Failon, Noli De Castro etc. GMA 7
together with GMA News T.V is also starting to lead their way to be on top
especially by delivering news and providing a public service. Their helping hands
are truly reached by the needy and this one of the main reason why viewers of
this network is increasing.
Most
of the Broadcasting students still believe or trust the Mass Media
(see Figure 4) despite of some issues in the Philippines
today because of their credibility and transparency when it comes to delivering
information and news to the masses that served as their daily guide. And yes,
they can risk their lives just to be able to do their task. Most of the
Broadcasting students said that “Mass Media is very reliable and one of the
great source of information. However, a small number of students said that
they’re just need to trust Media because they are an aspiring/future
Broadcaster. A number of students are still undecided
if they still trust the Mass Media or not.
The Effects of the Mass Media on the Broadcasting
Students of LSPU-SCC
in terms on their ;
A) Studies
Because of the “Mass Media“ a large
number of Broadcasting students said that they can study and learn faster
because of the knowledge and information
they
can get from the media most specially through browsing net.
The
advantages of that is they can easily browse and get information in just one
click and they become more studious and having a lot of time to study
and
hassle-free. All forms of Mass Media can help to enhance the learning
of
students , its developed, sharpened and shaped our knowledge.
B) Attitude
(Behavior)
Aside from helping the students in their
studies , Mass Media also helps us to developed our attitude (behavior). For
example, Maturity because we become more matured on the way we think or giving
responds, neither perception nor insights
For what is happening and we become
more open-minded. Also it develops our consciousness; we become more polite,
zealous understanding and enthusiastic.
Our mind become more alert, we can
overcome our problems on a positive way.
And most of that Broadcasting
students said that they’re become more prepare for their future because they
learned the meaning of professionalism with the help of Mass Media. They can
adopt the behavior /attitude of a professional anchor that can help us to be
one of the admired Broadcasters.
C) Physical
Appearance
Mass Media also influenced as in
terms of our physical appearances. By the help
of Media including (print)
advertising,broadcasting,internet,social networks, magazine etc. we can get
what is trending in fashion.
But for Broadcasting students Mass
Media developed and enhance their
Physical appearances not just only
in looks but also in terms on the way we speak, stand and to communicate and
give responds to other with a right ethics and etiquette.
(see Figure 5) A large number of students state that
“Mass Media helps to improve / enhance the learning of students, molding their
attitude and preparing our physical appearances to become one of the successful
Broadcaster in our generation”..
RECOMMENDATION
All form/types of Mass Media can changed or
influenced us in terms of studies/learning, attitude (behavior) and physical
appearances. Even if most of them can bring us knowledge and information, some
“medium” can also be harmful or can cause negative effects. However, the
outcome of this will be depend on how we use the Mass Media.
Here are some guidelines;
*Know your Limitation!
Limit your time
using any types of Media especially internet.
Limit your browsing in any sites and make a restriction,
read or watch media that you need only.
*Browse and Click with sense!
Do not browse
any suspicious sites that can harm to yourself or to others.
Be sensitive!
Make a consideration!
Think before
you Click!
*Time Management
Enhanced the
knowledge by the use of Media but do it moderately with a right
time
management.
The more time
you focused to your study , the more chances you learned.
*Parental Guidance
It’s better if
your parents are in your side to guide you when you are using any
forms of
media. Also, better if they can put a limitation on browsing by making
a customized
restriction in task manager and banned harmful site like porn sites.
*Be aware!
Know the
advantages and disadvantages and positive and negative effects
of the Mass
Media.
-
Do not abuse media
-
Use media to improve yourself, by learning the good
things and abandon the bad.
-
Use media on a good way with clean intention and passion.
*Empower you Knowledge by the helps of Mass Media!
Give an
emphasis to your studies, mold and shape yourself.
Be a
stupendous Broadcaster in the future.
CONCLUSION
Broadcasting students states that Mass Media can bring us
positive and negative effects in terms of their studies, attitude and physical
appearances. In this study I’ve learned that
Mass Media can cause positive or negative effects or
could be an aid or harmful, but it
depends on how we used it. All we need to do is to be a
responsible user and follow
the guidelines by using Media, in that way all of us
would have a peace of mind.
Therefore, I conclude that mass media keeps people informed of any recent
events within a short amount of time. When, for example, a politician is
assassinated, you will hear this immediately, so that you will know what is
going on. Media keeps you informed.
I believe that mass media has affected our society both positively and negatively. It has programmed our thoughts, how we dress and how we relate to one another. Certain images shown on television influence kids to misbehave, disobeying parents under the impression that it’s cool. Disobedience leads to destruction that leads to teenage pregnancy drug abuse etc. On the other hand mass media can persuade young kids positively: if you tune to programmes that motivate positive force.
I believe that mass media has affected our society both positively and negatively. It has programmed our thoughts, how we dress and how we relate to one another. Certain images shown on television influence kids to misbehave, disobeying parents under the impression that it’s cool. Disobedience leads to destruction that leads to teenage pregnancy drug abuse etc. On the other hand mass media can persuade young kids positively: if you tune to programmes that motivate positive force.
Media brings us our culture's biggest stars and
most popular programs; the sports events we most enjoy; music concerts from
everywhere in the world; speaking engagements featuring
famous news-makers... as well as the information on current events and
politics that lets us know what our government is doing and what is happening
around the world. Even in our modern world with instant communication,
someone has to sort out the stories and get the facts to the audience. Radio,
TV, and print journalists report on the major news and make sure it is
fact-checked, reasonably accurate, and trust-worthy. There are also
partisan commentators who represent particular points of view and give the
audience someone with whom they can share outrage or agreements on the issues
of the day. Of course, the media have their faults. Some media spread
outrageous propaganda for one political party or the other; some focus on
scandal rather than on accuracy; some only care about getting the story
first, rather than making sure they got the story right. And commercial media
can often represent the interests of sponsors and advertisers more than the
interests of the public. This means that certain stories that might show a
big business negatively might not be reported, for fear of losing an
advertiser. But on the other hand, because we live in an internet universe,
there are reader-supported magazines online that have more freedom to do
investigative reporting. And even with the commercially-sponsored media, in a
time of crisis, radio and TV can unify the country and keep the public
up-to-date with the latest information. To this day, as in times past, people
have favourite programs, favourite announcers, favourite entertainers, favourite
publications, favourite stations. It would thus be accurate to say that
the media touch just about every aspect of our lives in one way or another.
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